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		<title>User:Vladg/incomplete/Demararea fizicÄƒ - Revision history</title>
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		<updated>2026-04-19T16:26:41Z</updated>
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		<id>http://wiki.linux360.ro/index.php?title=User:Vladg/incomplete/Demararea_fizic%C3%84%C6%92&amp;diff=3308&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Vladg at 17:16, 13 December 2006</title>
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				<updated>2006-12-13T17:16:16Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table class=&quot;diff diff-contentalign-left&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan='2' style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan='2' style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 17:16, 13 December 2006&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot; &gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Procesul de &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;demarare fizică &lt;/del&gt;al unui calculator este dependent de arhitectura &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;microprocesorului&lt;/del&gt;. În cazul de faţă, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;această arhitectură va fi &lt;/del&gt;x86/&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;x86-compatibilă&lt;/del&gt;. Procesul este unul complex, dar poate fi rezumat în felul &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;urmator&lt;/del&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;==Demararea fizică==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Procesul de &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;iniţializare &lt;/ins&gt;al unui &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;computer&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;vezi [http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv=computer computer] versus [http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv=&lt;/ins&gt;calculator &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;calculator]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;este dependent de arhitectura &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;sa&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;microprocesorul este o parte esenţială din definiţia unei arhitecturi, dar un anume model de microprocesor nu defineşte ''sine die'' o arhitectură de sistem de calcul&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;În cazul de faţă, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;vom trata particularităţile specifice arhitecturii IBM PC&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;i386 sau &lt;/ins&gt;x86 &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;se referă la microprocesor, pe când noi ne referim la toate PC-urile din lumea asta, adică la &amp;quot;''IBM PC &amp;amp; clones&lt;/ins&gt;/&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;compatibles''&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;. Procesul este unul complex, dar poate fi rezumat în felul &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;următor&lt;/ins&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* La pornirea sursei de alimentare, memoria primară a sistemului(memoria cu acces aleatoriu — engl.: RAM) este goală, aşa că microprocesorul este programat să execute instrucţiunile situate într-o zonă rezervată(FFFF0h) a memoriei numai-citire(engl. presc. ROM) a sistemului de intrare/iesire pe bază(engl.presc. BIOS). Scopul acestei zone este de a direcţiona microprocesorul către locaţia unde se află programul BIOS.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Odată ce BIOSul este încărcat în memorie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;acesta efectuează &lt;/del&gt;mai multe &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;operaţii: autotestarea la punerea în funcţiune&lt;/del&gt;(&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;engl. presc. POST)&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;initializarea&lt;/del&gt;/&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;inventar al dispozitivelor ş.a.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;În momentul imediat următor conectării sistemului la reţea&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;au loc &lt;/ins&gt;mai multe &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;procese de natură analogică, cum ar fi &lt;/ins&gt;(&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;pentru simplificare&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;presupunem că este vorba de un sistem AT&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Advanced Technology&amp;lt;&lt;/ins&gt;/&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;ref&amp;gt; sau un sistem ATX&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;AT Extended&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; programat să pornească automat la apariţia sau revenirea tensiunii de reţea):&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Către final, BIOSul caută o unitate &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;disc &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;pe care să demareze&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;De obicei&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;această unitate de disc este selecţionată în prealabil &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;către utilizator şi poate fi un CD-ROM, o unitate de dischete, un hard disc..&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;* Sursa &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;alimentare detectează tensiunea reţelei şi intră în regim &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;funcţionare stabil&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Ca urmare a acestui fapt&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;la ieşirea sa apar tensiunile nominale necesare alimentării componentelor electronice din sistemul &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;calcul&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Când găseşte unitatea &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;disc, îi încarcă &lt;/del&gt;şi &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;execută sectorul de demarare(engl. boot sector)&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;care&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;în cazul unui hard disc, poartă numele &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;MBR(Master Boot Record) &lt;/del&gt;şi &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;este localizat &lt;/del&gt;în &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;primul sector al hard discului(primii 512 octeţi). Din momentul acesta, controlul este predat codului din MBR.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;* După un interval &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;timp suficient de lung pentru ca tensiunile de ieşire ale sursei să se fi stabilizat &lt;/ins&gt;şi &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;intrat în standard&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;microcontrolerul din sursă pune semnalul PG&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Power Good&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; pe &amp;quot;1&amp;quot; logic&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;semnalizând astfel controlerului de alimentare prezent pe placa de bază că tensiunile &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;alimentare s-au stabilizat &lt;/ins&gt;şi &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;sunt deci utilizabile &lt;/ins&gt;în &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;domeniul digital&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;** Controlerul de alimentare verifică în acest moment la rându-i tensiunile livrate şi, în cazul în care acestea corespund standardelor programate de producător, începe alimentarea diverselor etaje funcţionale de pe placa de bază, de obicei începând cu controlerele de ceas şi periferie&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;southbridge&amp;quot;&amp;gt;South Bridge&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Vezi discutia &lt;/del&gt;din &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;pagina &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;discutii &lt;/del&gt;-- &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;ti&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;am lasat cateva idei acolo ;&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;) &lt;/del&gt;--&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[[User:Csdexter|@Dexter]] 23:54&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;10 December 2006 &lt;/del&gt;(&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;EET&lt;/del&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;* Controlerul de ceas îşi pune în funcţiune rezonatorul cu cuarţ &lt;/ins&gt;din &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;dotare şi începe să genereze (uneori prin multiplicare şi/sau diviziune) semnalele de tact necesare celorlalte blocuri funcţionale&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;* În multe sisteme, controlerul de ceas cumulează şi funcţia &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;controler de pornire aşa că, urmând secvenţa programată de producător, resetează pe rând şi pune în funcţiune blocurile funcţionale şi magistralele legate la acesta&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;* Controlerul de periferie&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;southbridge&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; îşi execută secvenţa de iniţializare, de cele mai multe ori executându&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;şi propriul microcod, fără acces la alte memorii. Odată ce ea este executată, acesta iniţializează şi pune în funcţiune controlerul de magistrală&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;northbridge&amp;quot;&amp;gt;North Bridge&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;* Controlerul de magistrală&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;northbridge&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; pune în funcţiune controlerul de memorie (uneori sunt aceeaşi unitate funcţională, alteori&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;vezi cazul AMD64&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; sunt blocuri diferite) şi procesorul central&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;* Un standard istoric dictează ca acesta, ca urmare a secvenţei de resetare, va începe să execute cod de la adresa FFFF0h din ROM&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Read only memory&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (memoria RAM&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Random access memory&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; fiind goală la pornirea computerului). Această adresă este situată in proximitatea zonei de extremă a memoriei, şi conţine o instrucţiune JMP&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; o instrucţiune specifică limbajului de asamblare pentru arhitecutrile x86, prin intermediul căruia fluxul de execuţie poate sări (engl. JUMP) către o alta zonă a memorie şi işi poate continua execuţia de acolo.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; către zona de memorie care conţine microcodul BIOS&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;ului&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;basic input/output system&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;* BIOS-ul este încărcat in memoria RAM şi executat. Acesta efectuează mai multe operaţii, printre care: POST&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;power on self test&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, inventarul şi iniţializarea unor dispozive [incomplet]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;* La un moment dat, BIOS&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;ul caută o unitate de disc de pe care să demareze. De obicei, această unitate de disc este selecţionată în prealabil de către utilizator şi poate fi un CD&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;ROM, o unitate de dischete, un hard disc ...&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;* Odată ce unitatea de disc demarabilă este identificată, o anumită porţiune din memoria acesteia este încărcată în memorie şi executată, BIOS&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;ul predandu&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;i controlul asupra computerului. Această zonă a memoriei diferă în funcţie de unitatea de disc de pe care se demarează. Cel mai adesea, această unitate de disc este un hard disc&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;caz în care BIOS-ul îi spune microprocesorului să încarce în memorie şi să execute primul sector al hard discului &lt;/ins&gt;(&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;primii 512 octeţi&lt;/ins&gt;)&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;. Această zonă a memoriei hard discului poartă numele de MBR&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;master boot record&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;==Note==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vladg</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>http://wiki.linux360.ro/index.php?title=User:Vladg/incomplete/Demararea_fizic%C3%84%C6%92&amp;diff=3300&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Csdexter: Added pointer to extra work</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://wiki.linux360.ro/index.php?title=User:Vladg/incomplete/Demararea_fizic%C3%84%C6%92&amp;diff=3300&amp;oldid=prev"/>
				<updated>2006-12-10T21:54:56Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Added pointer to extra work&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table class=&quot;diff diff-contentalign-left&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class='diff-marker' /&gt;
				&lt;col class='diff-content' /&gt;
				&lt;col class='diff-marker' /&gt;
				&lt;col class='diff-content' /&gt;
				&lt;tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'&gt;
				&lt;td colspan='2' style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan='2' style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 21:54, 10 December 2006&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l8&quot; &gt;Line 8:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 8:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Când găseşte unitatea de disc, îi încarcă şi execută sectorul de demarare(engl. boot sector), care, în cazul unui hard disc, poartă numele de MBR(Master Boot Record) şi este localizat în primul sector al hard discului(primii 512 octeţi). Din momentul acesta, controlul este predat codului din MBR.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Când găseşte unitatea de disc, îi încarcă şi execută sectorul de demarare(engl. boot sector), care, în cazul unui hard disc, poartă numele de MBR(Master Boot Record) şi este localizat în primul sector al hard discului(primii 512 octeţi). Din momentul acesta, controlul este predat codului din MBR.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Vezi discutia din pagina de discutii -- ti-am lasat cateva idei acolo ;-) --[[User:Csdexter|@Dexter]] 23:54, 10 December 2006 (EET)&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Csdexter</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>http://wiki.linux360.ro/index.php?title=User:Vladg/incomplete/Demararea_fizic%C3%84%C6%92&amp;diff=3299&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Vladg at 22:25, 9 December 2006</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://wiki.linux360.ro/index.php?title=User:Vladg/incomplete/Demararea_fizic%C3%84%C6%92&amp;diff=3299&amp;oldid=prev"/>
				<updated>2006-12-09T22:25:26Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;Procesul de demarare fizică al unui calculator este dependent de arhitectura microprocesorului. În cazul de faţă, această arhitectură va fi x86/x86-compatibilă. Procesul este unul complex, dar poate fi rezumat în felul urmator:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* La pornirea sursei de alimentare, memoria primară a sistemului(memoria cu acces aleatoriu — engl.: RAM) este goală, aşa că microprocesorul este programat să execute instrucţiunile situate într-o zonă rezervată(FFFF0h) a memoriei numai-citire(engl. presc. ROM) a sistemului de intrare/iesire pe bază(engl.presc. BIOS). Scopul acestei zone este de a direcţiona microprocesorul către locaţia unde se află programul BIOS.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Odată ce BIOSul este încărcat în memorie, acesta efectuează mai multe operaţii: autotestarea la punerea în funcţiune(engl. presc. POST), initializarea/inventar al dispozitivelor ş.a.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Către final, BIOSul caută o unitate de disc de pe care să demareze. De obicei, această unitate de disc este selecţionată în prealabil de către utilizator şi poate fi un CD-ROM, o unitate de dischete, un hard disc..&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Când găseşte unitatea de disc, îi încarcă şi execută sectorul de demarare(engl. boot sector), care, în cazul unui hard disc, poartă numele de MBR(Master Boot Record) şi este localizat în primul sector al hard discului(primii 512 octeţi). Din momentul acesta, controlul este predat codului din MBR.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vladg</name></author>	</entry>

	</feed>