Configurarea X în Slackware

Comanda xorgconfig este una din comenzile folosite pentru configurarea serverului grafic dezvoltat de X.Org Foundation, ca alternativă Open Source a serverului grafic X Windows System. X.Org Foundation s-a constituit la începutul anului 2004, în urma încercării liderilor proiectului XFree86 de a introduce restricţii în politica de licenţiere a serverului grafic XFree86 varianta X4.4.0.

Comanda xorgconfig

This program will create a basic xorg.conf file, based on menu selections
you make.  It will ask for a pathname when it is ready to write the file.

The xorg.conf file usually resides in /etc/X11 or /usr/X11R6/etc/X11.  If
no xorg.conf file is present there, Xorg will probe the system to
autoconfigure itself.  You can run Xorg -configure to generate a xorg.conf
file based on the results of autoconfiguration, or let this program
produce a base xorg.conf file for your configuration, and fine-tune it.
A sample xorg.conf file is also supplied with Xorg; it is configured
for a standard VGA card and monitor with 640x480 resolution.

There are also many chipset and card-specific options and settings available,
but this program does not know about these. On some configurations some of
these settings must be specified. Refer to the X driver man pages and the
chipset-specific READMEs in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc for further details.

Before continuing with this program, make sure you know what video card
you have, and preferably also the chipset it uses and the amount of video
memory on your video card, as well as the specifications of your monitor.

Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.

[Enter]

Configurarea mouse-ului

(aceste setări sunt scrise în secţiunea Input devices din fişierul /etc/X11/xorg.conf)

• Alegerea protocolului de comunicaţie şi a tipului dispozitivului de indicaţie utilizat (în cele mai multe cazuri, un mouse)

First specify a mouse protocol type. Choose one from the following list:

 1.  Auto [Auto detect]
 2.  SysMouse [SysMouse]
 3.  MouseSystems [Mouse Systems (3-button protocol)]
 4.  PS/2 [PS/2 Mouse]
 5.  Microsoft [Microsoft compatible (2-button protocol)]
 6.  Busmouse [Bus Mouse]
 7.  IMPS/2 [IntelliMouse PS/2]
 8.  ExplorerPS/2 [Explorer PS/2]
 9.  GlidePointPS/2 [GlidePoint PS/2]
10.  MouseManPlusPS/2 [MouseManPlus PS/2]
11.  NetMousePS/2 [NetMouse PS/2]
12.  NetScrollPS/2 [NetScroll PS/2]
13.  ThinkingMousePS/2 [ThinkingMouse PS/2]
14.  AceCad [AceCad]

The recommended protocol is Auto. If you have a very old mouse
or don't want OS support or auto detection, and you have a two-button
or three-button serial mouse, it is most likely of type Microsoft.

Enter a protocol number:

[1][Enter]

• Activarea emulării butonului din mijloc la mouse-ul cu două butoane

If your mouse has only two buttons, it is recommended that you enable
Emulate3Buttons.

Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
Do you want to enable Emulate3Buttons?

[n][Enter]

• Setarea device-ului prin care e conectat mouse-ul

Now give the full device name that the mouse is connected to, for example
/dev/tty00. Just pressing enter will use the default, /dev/mouse.

Mouse device:

[Enter]

Configurarea tastaturii

(aceste setări sunt scrise în secţiunea Input devices din fişierul /etc/X11/xorg.conf)

• Alegerea tipului şi layout-ului tastaturii

Please select one of the following keyboard types that is the better
description of your keyboard. If nothing really matches,
choose "Generic 104-key PC"

  1  Generic 101-key PC
  2  Generic 102-key (Intl) PC
  3  Generic 104-key PC
  4  Generic 105-key (Intl) PC
  5  Dell 101-key PC
  6  Everex STEPnote
  7  Keytronic FlexPro
  8  Microsoft Natural
  9  Northgate OmniKey 101
 10  Winbook Model XP5
 11  Japanese 106-key
 12  PC-98xx Series
 13  A4Tech KB-21
 14  A4Tech KBS-8
 15  Brazilian ABNT2
 16  Acer AirKey V

Enter a number to choose the keyboard.

Press enter for the next page

[1][Enter]

  1  U.S. English
  2  Arabic
  3  Albania
  4  Armenia
  5  Azerbaijan
  6  Belarus
  7  Belgium
  8  Bangladesh
  9  India
 10  Bosnia and Herzegovina
 11  Brazil
 12  Bulgaria
 13  Myanmar
 14  Canada
 15  Croatia
 16  Czechia
 17  Denmark
 18  Netherlands

Enter a number to choose the country.
Press enter for the next page

[1][Enter]

Please enter a variant name for 'us' layout. Or just press enter
for default variant

[Enter]

• Activarea opţiunilor suplimentare (dacă nu doriţi activarea acestora, continuaţi cu secţiunea "Configurarea monitorului")

Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
Do you want to select additional XKB options (group switcher,
group indicator, etc.)?

[y][Enter]

   Group Shift/Lock behavior

  1  R-Alt switches group while pressed.
  2  Left Alt key switches group while pressed.
  3  Left Win-key switches group while pressed.
  4  Right Win-key switches group while pressed.
  5  Both Win-keys switch group while pressed.
  6  Right Ctrl key switches group while pressed.
  7  Right Alt key changes group.
  8  Left Alt key changes group.
  9  CapsLock key changes group.
 10  Shift+CapsLock changes group.
 11  Both Shift keys together change group.
 12  Both Alt keys together change group.
 13  Both Ctrl keys together change group.
 14  Control+Shift changes group.
 15  Alt+Control changes group.
 16  Alt+Shift changes group.
 17  Menu key changes group.
 18  Left Win-key changes group.
 19  Right Win-key changes group.
 20  Left Shift key changes group.
 21  Right Shift key changes group.
 22  Left Ctrl key changes group.
 23  Right Ctrl key changes group.

Please select the option or just press enter if none

   Third level choosers

  1  Press Right Control to choose 3rd level.
  2  Press Menu key to choose 3rd level.
  3  Press any of Win-keys to choose 3rd level.
  4  Press Left Win-key to choose 3rd level.
  5  Press Right Win-key to choose 3rd level.
  6  Press any of Alt keys to choose 3rd level.
  7  Press Left Alt key to choose 3rd level.
  8  Press Right Alt key to choose 3rd level.

Please select the option or just press enter if none

   Control key position

  1  Make CapsLock an additional Control.
  2  Swap Control and CapsLock.
  3  Control key at left of 'A'
  4  Control key at bottom left
  5  Right Control key works as Right Alt.

Please select the option or just press enter if none

   Use keyboard LED to show alternative group.

  1  NumLock LED shows alternative group.
  2  CapsLock LED shows alternative group.
  3  ScrollLock LED shows alternative group.

Please select the option or just press enter if none

   CapsLock key behavior

  1  CapsLock uses internal capitalization. Shift cancels CapsLock.
  2  CapsLock uses internal capitalization. Shift doesn't cancel CapsLock.
  3  CapsLock acts as Shift with locking. Shift cancels CapsLock.
  4  CapsLock acts as Shift with locking. Shift doesn't cancel CapsLock.
  5  CapsLock just locks the Shift modifier.
  6  CapsLock toggles normal capitalization of alphabetic characters.
  7  CapsLock toggles Shift so all keys are affected.

Please select the option or just press enter if none

   Alt/Win key behavior

  1  Add the standard behavior to Menu key.
  2  Alt and Meta are on the Alt keys (default).
  3  Meta is mapped to the Win-keys.
  4  Meta is mapped to the left Win-key.
  5  Super is mapped to the Win-keys (default).
  6  Hyper is mapped to the Win-keys.
  7  Alt is mapped to the right Win-key and Super to Menu.

Please select the option or just press enter if none

   key Compose key position

  1  Right Alt is Compose.
  2  Right Win-key is Compose.
  3  Menu is Compose.
  4  Right Ctrl is Compose.

Please select the option or just press enter if none

   Miscellaneous compatibility options

  1  Shift with numpad keys works as in MS Windows.
  2  Special keys (Ctrl+Alt+<key>) handled in a server.

Please select the option or just press enter if none

   Adding the EuroSign to certain keys

  1  Add the EuroSign to the E key.
  2  Add the EuroSign to the 5 key.
  3  Add the EuroSign to the 2 key.

Please select the option or just press enter if none

Configurarea monitorului

(aceste setări sunt scrise în secţiunea Monitor section din fişierul /etc/X11/xorg.conf)

• Atenţie: frecvenţele de linii şi cadre sunt parametri critici pentru funcţionarea în regim stabil a unor modele de monitoare. Vă rugăm să consultaţi manualul monitorului înainte de a configura aceste valori!

Now we want to set the specifications of the monitor. The two critical
parameters are the vertical refresh rate, which is the rate at which the
the whole screen is refreshed, and most importantly the horizontal sync rate,
which is the rate at which scanlines are displayed.

The valid range for horizontal sync and vertical sync should be documented
in the manual of your monitor.

Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.

• Configurarea plajei de frecvenţe de linii (sincronizare orizontală) suportată de monitorul folosit:

You must indicate the horizontal sync range of your monitor. You can either
select one of the predefined ranges below that correspond to industry-
standard monitor types, or give a specific range.

It is VERY IMPORTANT that you do not specify a monitor type with a horizontal
sync range that is beyond the capabilities of your monitor. If in doubt,
choose a conservative setting.

    hsync in kHz; monitor type with characteristic modes
 1  31.5; Standard VGA, 640x480 @ 60 Hz
 2  31.5 - 35.1; Super VGA, 800x600 @ 56 Hz
 3  31.5, 35.5; 8514 Compatible, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced (no 800x600)
 4  31.5, 35.15, 35.5; Super VGA, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced, 800x600 @ 56 Hz
 5  31.5 - 37.9; Extended Super VGA, 800x600 @ 60 Hz, 640x480 @ 72 Hz
 6  31.5 - 48.5; Non-Interlaced SVGA, 1024x768 @ 60 Hz, 800x600 @ 72 Hz
 7  31.5 - 57.0; High Frequency SVGA, 1024x768 @ 70 Hz
 8  31.5 - 64.3; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 60 Hz
 9  31.5 - 79.0; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 74 Hz
10  31.5 - 82.0; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 76 Hz
11  Enter your own horizontal sync range

Enter your choice (1-11):

[11][Enter]

Please enter the horizontal sync range of your monitor, in the format used
in the table of monitor types above. You can either specify one or more
continuous ranges (e.g. 15-25, 30-50), or one or more fixed sync frequencies.

Horizontal sync range:

[Introduceţi plaja de frecvenţe de linii admisibilă specificată în manualul monitorului]

• Configurarea plajei de frecvenţe de cadre (sincronizare verticală) suportată de monitorul folosit:

You must indicate the vertical sync range of your monitor. You can either
select one of the predefined ranges below that correspond to industry-
standard monitor types, or give a specific range. For interlaced modes,
the number that counts is the high one (e.g. 87 Hz rather than 43 Hz).

 1  50-70
 2  50-90
 3  50-100
 4  40-150
 5  Enter your own vertical sync range

Enter your choice:

[5][Enter]

Vertical sync range:

[Introduceţi plaja de frecvenţe de cadre admisibilă specificată în manualul monitorului]

• Stabilirea unui nume generic pentru monitor

You must now enter a few identification/description strings, namely an
identifier, a vendor name, and a model name. Just pressing enter will fill
in default names.

The strings are free-form, spaces are allowed.
Enter an identifier for your monitor definition:

[MyMonitor][Enter]

Configurarea plăcii video

(aceste setări sunt scrise în secţiunea Graphics device section din fişierul /etc/X11/xorg.conf)

• Alegerea tipului plăcii video

Now we must configure video card specific settings. At this point you can
choose to make a selection out of a database of video card definitions.
Because there can be variation in Ramdacs and clock generators even
between cards of the same model, it is not sensible to blindly copy
the settings (e.g. a Device section). For this reason, after you make a
selection, you will still be asked about the components of the card, with
the settings from the chosen database entry presented as a strong hint.

The database entries include information about the chipset, what driver to
run, the Ramdac and ClockChip, and comments that will be included in the
Device section. However, a lot of definitions only hint about what driver
to run (based on the chipset the card uses) and are untested.

If you can't find your card in the database, there's nothing to worry about.
You should only choose a database entry that is exactly the same model as
your card; choosing one that looks similar is just a bad idea (e.g. a
GemStone Snail 64 may be as different from a GemStone Snail 64+ in terms of
hardware as can be).

Do you want to look at the card database?

[y][Enter]

• Tipuri de plăci video

  0  * Generic VESA compatible                         -
  1  * Generic VGA compatible                          -
  2  * Unsupported VGA compatible                      -
  3  ** 3DLabs, TI (generic)               [glint]     -
  4  ** 3Dfx (generic)                     [tdfx]      -
  5  ** ATI (generic)                      [ati]       -
  6  ** ATI Radeon (generic)               [radeon]    -
  7  ** ATI Rage 128 based (generic)       [r128]      -
  8  ** Alliance Pro Motion (generic)      [apm]       -
  9  ** Ark Logic (generic)                [ark]       -
 10  ** Chips and Technologies (generic)   [chips]     -
 11  ** Cirrus Logic (generic)             [cirrus]    -
 12  ** Cyrix MediaGX (generic)            [cyrix]     -
 13  ** DEC TGA (generic)                  [tga]       -
 14  ** Intel i740 (generic)               [i740]      -
 15  ** Intel i810 (generic)               [i810]      -
 16  ** Linux framebuffer (generic)        [fbdev]     -
 17  ** Matrox Graphics (generic)          [mga]       -

Enter a number to choose the corresponding card definition.
Press enter for the next page, q to continue configuration.

[5][Enter]

• Confirmarea selectării tipului plăcii video

Your selected card definition:

Identifier: ** ATI (generic)                      [ati]
Chipset:    -
Driver:     ati

Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.

[Enter]

• Setarea cantităţii de memorie a plăcii video

Now you must give information about your video card. This will be used for
the "Device" section of your video card in xorg.conf.

It is probably a good idea to use the same approximate amount as that detected
by the server you intend to use. If you encounter problems that are due to the
used server not supporting the amount memory you have, specify the maximum
amount supported by the server.

How much video memory do you have on your video card:

 1  256K
 2  512K
 3  1024K
 4  2048K
 5  4096K
 6  8192K
 7  16384K
 8  32768K
 9  65536K
10  131072K
11  262144K
12  Other

Enter your choice:

[11][Enter]

• Stabilirea denumirii plăcii video

You must now enter a few identification/description strings, namely an
identifier, a vendor name, and a model name. Just pressing enter will fill
in default names (possibly from a card definition).

Your card definition is ** ATI (generic)                      [ati].

The strings are free-form, spaces are allowed.
Enter an identifier for your video card definition:

[MyCard][Enter]

Setarea rezoluţiei monitorului

(aceste setări sunt scrise în secţiunea Screen sections din fişierul /etc/X11/xorg.conf)

For each depth, a list of modes (resolutions) is defined. The default
resolution that the server will start-up with will be the first listed
mode that can be supported by the monitor and card.
Currently it is set to:

"1280x1024" "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480" for 8-bit
"1280x1024" "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480" for 16-bit
"1280x1024" "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480" for 24-bit

Modes that cannot be supported due to monitor or clock constraints will
be automatically skipped by the server.

 1  Change the modes for 8-bit (256 colors)
 2  Change the modes for 16-bit (32K/64K colors)
 3  Change the modes for 24-bit (24-bit color)
 4  The modes are OK, continue.

Enter your choice:

[4][Enter] - dacă nu doriţi nici o modificare a rezoluţiei continuaţi cu secţiunea "Setarea adâncimii de culoare"

sau

[1][Enter], apoi [2][Enter] şi [3][Enter], urmat de [4][Enter]

• Exemplu de setare a rezoluţiei monitorului

Select modes from the following list:

 1  "640x400"
 2  "640x480"
 3  "800x600"
 4  "1024x768"
 5  "1280x1024"
 6  "320x200"
 7  "320x240"
 8  "400x300"
 9  "1152x864"
 a  "1600x1200"
 b  "1800x1400"
 c  "512x384"
 d  "1400x1050"

Please type the digits corresponding to the modes that you want to select.
For example, 432 selects "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480", with a
default mode of 1024x768.

Which modes?

[433][Enter]

You can have a virtual screen (desktop), which is screen area that is larger
than the physical screen and which is panned by moving the mouse to the edge
of the screen. If you don't want virtual desktop at a certain resolution,
you cannot have modes listed that are larger. Each color depth can have a
differently-sized virtual screen

Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
Do you want a virtual screen that is larger than the physical screen?

[n][Enter]

Setarea adâncimii de culoare

Please specify which color depth you want to use by default:

  1  1 bit (monochrome)
  2  4 bits (16 colors)
  3  8 bits (256 colors)
  4  16 bits (65536 colors)
  5  24 bits (16 million colors)

Enter a number to choose the default depth. 

[4][Enter]

Salvarea modificărilor

I am going to write the xorg.conf file now. Make sure you don't accidently
overwrite a previously configured one.

Shall I write it to /etc/X11/xorg.conf?

[y][Enter]

• Confirmarea scrierii fişierului de configurare

File has been written. Take a look at it before starting an X server. Note that
the xorg.conf file must be in one of the directories searched by the server
(e.g. /etc/X11) in order to be used. Within the server press
ctrl, alt and '+' simultaneously to cycle video resolutions. Pressing ctrl,
alt and backspace simultaneously immediately exits the server (use if
the monitor doesn't sync for a particular mode).

For further configuration, refer to the xorg.conf(5x) manual page.

root@TheLinux:~#

Fişierul /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Informaţii complete despre fişierul de configurare a serverului grafic puteţi obţine tastând comanda: man xorg.conf.

Secţiunile fişierului de configurare sunt următoarele:

Module section

Această secţiune este folosită pentru încărcarea dinamică a unor module. În Slackware 11.0 acestea sunt în directorul /usr/X11R6/lib/modules/extensions: libGLcore.so, libdbe.so, libdri.so, libextmod.so, libglx.so, librecord.so, libxtrap.so.

Files section

În această secţiune se pot indica căile complete către:

• fonturile folosite de serverul grafic;
• baza de date RGB;
• directorul "module"

Server flags section

De obicei, această secţiune nu este necesar a fi modificată, decât în cazul în care se doreşte activarea/dezactivarea anumitor opţiuni a serverului grafic. De exemplu:

Option "Xinerama"  "True"

Input devices

• Core keyboard's InputDevice section

(vezi comanda xorgconfig)

Aici pot fi modificate caracteristicile tastaturii: driverul pentru tastatură, modelul, modul de aşezare a tastelor sau setările alese ca opţiuni suplimentare pe timpul configurării serverului grafic.

• Core Pointer's InputDevice section

(vezi comanda xorgconfig)

În acestă secţiune pot fi modificate: driverul pentru mouse, protocolul de comunicaţie folosit, device-ul prin care e conectat mouse-ul. De asemenea, secţiunea cuprinde configurări pentru rotiţa de scroll a mouse-ului, inclusiv pentru tipurile de mouse cu mai mult de 3 butoane.

• Other input device sections

Acestă secţiune este opţională şi este folosită pentru setarea unor dispozitive de indicaţie, altele decît mouse-ul.

Monitor section

(vezi comanda xorgconfig)

Atenţie: ca şi pe timpul rulării comenzii xorgconfig, frecvenţele de linii şi cadre sunt parametri critici pentru funcţionarea în regim stabil a unor modele de monitoare. Vă rugăm să consultaţi manualul monitorului înainte de a modifica aceste valori în fişierul de configurare xorg.conf. De obicei (dar nu obligatoriu), pentru majoritatea mărcilor de monitoare, aceste erori critice au ca rezultat - ca măsură de protecţie - închiderea automată a monitorului în momentul lansării în execuţie a serverului grafic.

Section "Monitor"

    Identifier  "LG1750SQ"

# HorizSync is in kHz unless units are specified.
# HorizSync may be a comma separated list of discrete values, or a
# comma separated list of ranges of values.
# NOTE: THE VALUES HERE ARE EXAMPLES ONLY.  REFER TO YOUR MONITOR'S
# USER MANUAL FOR THE CORRECT NUMBERS.

    HorizSync   30-83

#    HorizSync	30-64         # multisync
#    HorizSync	31.5, 35.2    # multiple fixed sync frequencies
#    HorizSync	15-25, 30-50  # multiple ranges of sync frequencies

# VertRefresh is in Hz unless units are specified.
# VertRefresh may be a comma separated list of discrete values, or a
# comma separated list of ranges of values.
# NOTE: THE VALUES HERE ARE EXAMPLES ONLY.  REFER TO YOUR MONITOR'S
# USER MANUAL FOR THE CORRECT NUMBERS.

   VertRefresh 56-75
    
EndSection

Graphics device section

(vezi comanda xorgconfig)

În această secţiune puteţi modifica driverul plăcii video:

Section "Device"
    Identifier  "ATI"
    Driver      "ati"
    VideoRam    262144
EndSection

De exemplu, folosind driverele proprietare ATI, este necesară înlocuirea driverului "ati" cu "fglrx".

Screen sections

(vezi comanda xorgconfig)

În acestă secţiune puteţi modifica adâncimea de culoare şi rezoluţia monitorului. Nu încercaţi să obţineţi rezoluţii mai mari decât cele prevăzute în manualul monitorului!

De asemenea, în această secţiune puteţi adăuga opţiunile specifice driverelor proprietare.

Section "Screen"
    Identifier  "Screen 1"
    Device      "ATI"
    Monitor     "LG1750SQ"
    DefaultDepth 24

   Subsection "Display"
       Depth       8
       Modes       "1280x1024" "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480"
       ViewPort    0 0
   EndSubsection
   Subsection "Display"
       Depth       16
       Modes       "1280x1024" "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480"
       ViewPort    0 0
   EndSubsection
   Subsection "Display"
       Depth       24
       Modes       "1280x1024" "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480"
       ViewPort    0 0
   EndSubsection
EndSection

ServerLayout sections

Această secţiune, chiar dacă în mod obişnuit nu necesită a fi modificată, este utilă atunci când dorim să extindem desktop-ul nostru pe 2-4 monitoare.

Section "ServerLayout"
 
# The Identifier line must be present
    Identifier  "Simple Layout"

# Each Screen line specifies a Screen section name, and optionally
# the relative position of other screens.  The four names after
# primary screen name are the screens to the top, bottom, left and right
# of the primary screen.  In this example, screen 2 is located to the
# right of screen 1.
 
    Screen "Screen 1"

# Each InputDevice line specifies an InputDevice section name and
# optionally some options to specify the way the device is to be
# used.  Those options include "CorePointer", "CoreKeyboard" and
# "SendCoreEvents".

    InputDevice "Mouse1" "CorePointer"
    InputDevice "Keyboard1" "CoreKeyboard"

EndSection

---

Acestea sunt secţiunile şi opţiunile principale ale fişierului de configurare xorg.conf. În acest moment ar trebui să aveţi un server grafic funcţional, chiar dacă nu sunt încărcate unele module ("dri", de exemplu) sau unele extensii (pentru efectul de transparenţă a ferestrelor, de exemplu):

Load       "dri"

Section "Extensions"
   Option "Composite" "Enable"
EndSection

Section "DRI"
   Mode 0666
EndSection

Dacă aveţi probleme cu configurarea unui anumit model de placă grafică, verificaţi informaţiile din fişierul /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/Cards.